What Are the Elements of a Good Hypothesis

A hypothesis is an educated guess or prediction of what will happen. In science, a hypothesis proposes a relationship between factors called variables. A good hypothesis relates an independent variable and a dependent variable. The effect on the dependent variable depends on or is determined by what happens when you change the independent variable. While you could consider any prediction of an outcome to be a type of hypothesis, a good hypothesis is one you can test using the scientific method. In other words, you want to propose a hypothesis to use as the basis for an experiment. Cause and Effect or If, Then Relationships A good experimental hypothesis can be written as an if, then statement to establish cause and effect on the variables. If you make a change to the independent variable, then the dependent variable will respond. Heres an example of a hypothesis: If you increase the duration of light, (then) corn plants will grow more each day. The hypothesis establishes two variables, length of light exposure, and the rate of plant growth. An experiment could be designed to test whether the rate of growth depends on the duration of light. The duration of light is the independent variable, which you can control in an experiment. The rate of plant growth is the dependent variable, which you can measure and record as data in an experiment. Key Points of Hypothesis When you have an idea for a hypothesis, it may help to write it out in several different ways. Review your choices and select a hypothesis that accurately describes what you are testing. Does the hypothesis relate an independent and dependent variable? Can you identify the variables?Can you test the hypothesis? In other words, could you design an experiment that would allow you to establish or disprove a relationship between the variables?Would your experiment be safe and ethical?Is there a simpler or more precise way to state the hypothesis? If so, rewrite it. What If the Hypothesis Is Incorrect? Its not wrong or bad if the hypothesis is not supported or is incorrect. Actually, this outcome may tell you more about a relationship between the variables than if the hypothesis is supported. You may intentionally write your hypothesis as a null hypothesis or no-difference hypothesis to establish a relationship between the variables. For example, the hypothesis: The rate of corn plant growth does not depend on the duration of light. This can be tested by exposing corn plants to different length days and measuring the rate of plant growth. A statistical test can be applied to measure how well the data support the hypothesis. If the hypothesis is not supported, then you have evidence of a relationship between the variables. Its easier to establish cause and effect by testing whether no effect is found. Alternatively, if the null hypothesis is supported, then you have shown the variables are not related. Either way, your experiment is a success. Examples Need more examples of how to write a hypothesis? Here you go: If you turn out all the lights, you will fall asleep faster. (Think: How would you test it?)If you drop different objects, they will fall at the same rate.If you eat only fast food, then you will gain weight.If you use cruise control, then your car will get better gas mileage.If you apply a top coat, then your manicure will last longer.If you turn the lights on and off rapidly, then the bulb will burn out faster.

The Landscape In Heart Of Darkness And Cormac Mccarthys...

Limited in their ability to represent the characters’ conditions without explicit statements, authors cannot elucidate each event and character’s thought while continuing to hold the reader’s attention. Therefore, many authors utilize the landscape of the story to parallel a character or group of characters. Both Joseph Conrad, author of Heart of Darkness, and Cormac McCarthy, author of The Road, manipulate the landscape to represent the human condition. In Heart of Darkness, Conrad personifies the landscape as a fluid character, so as the reader begins to further comprehend the landscape’s meaning, Marlow’s understanding of the people around him becomes more clear. Likewise, in The Road, McCarthy utilizes the ashy remains of the forest as†¦show more content†¦For Marlow, like most of the men who ventured into the Congo, â€Å"the snake had charmed [him]†(Conrad 6). Yellow represents deception, disease, and fear, and with the image o f the deadly snake slithering through the center, Conrad makes an allusion to the Bible. While the Congo may have once been full of vibrant plants and beautiful animals, the presence of Europeans who had the disease of evil in them, a spark of greed that became a raging fire, resulted in a plundering of the native land and the native people. As Marlow struggles to contextualize and express the landscape of the Congo at the beginning of the novel, he struggles to do the same for the human race. Conrad makes it clear that Marlow always wanted to explore the unknown. Africa, however, does not want to be discovered. By personifying the African landscape, Conrad creates the image of an invisible force made of the bushes, the trees, and the smoke. Marlow first observes this unseen force when he watches the French warship â€Å"firing onto the continent† as if there were someone or something to kill. He remarks that, despite their efforts, â€Å"nothing could happen† (Conrad 11). The French were attacking the force, one that would reappear throughout the novella, because they did not understand it. Marlow also struggles to describe the landscape of Africa, denoting it as â€Å"smiling, frowning, inviting, grand,Show MoreRelatedCormac Mccarthy Dystopian Essay1421 Words   |  6 Pagesdystopia. In what ways has he used language to create the mood of the story and how has he represented the relationship between the man and his son? Cormac McCarthy is a well-known fictional author, especially well-known for his dystopian novels and his ability to lure readers into his books through his language and his depth of writing. His famous novel â€Å"The Road† entices readers in through his well-constructed post-apocalyptic dystopian genre. McCarthy cleverly uses language techniques such as third personRead More`` The Road `` By Cormac Mccarthy2000 Words   |  8 PagesLiterature has always been a medium to express writer’s concerns; in her award winning book The Handmaids Tale Margaret Atwood warns of the instability in our patriarchal society, likewise Cormac McCarthy in his acclaimed book The Road also gives a warning; that of the fragility of human nature. Using the setting of hostile, post-apocalyptic America these authors explore what happens to both individuals and the wider society when rights and basic human necessities are taken away. Atwood createsRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy2062 Word s   |  9 PagesReid Norberg Period 3 3/18/16 2016 AP Lodestar 1. Title: The Road Author: Cormac McCarthy Date of Publication: 2006 Genre: Post- apocalyptic fiction 2. The Road is a novel written by American author Cormac McCarthy. Although born in the North East, McCarthy was driven to the South West later in his life where he has since based most of his novels, including The Road. The Road tells a story of a man and his son in post apocalyptic America where the weather is winter-like and the ground isRead Moreâ€Å"Fear of the Unknown Is a Common Gothic Theme†. Is This True in Your Texts?3510 Words   |  15 PagesBram Stoker’s Dracula the overpowering force of the sublime, the prominence of religion, death and use of darkness accompanied by typical Gothic techniques evoke a fear of the unknown in responders. This common Gothic themes can also be observed in The Road by Cormac McCarthy, in which the fear of the unknown is enhanced by the sublime, the prominence of religion, death and the use of darkness. Furthermore, it is clear that context has played a massive part in composition of each novel, establishing

Women Of Trachis monologue Essay Example For Students

Women Of Trachis monologue Essay A monologue from the play by Sophocles NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Dramas. Sophocles. London: J.M. Dent Sons, 1906. DEIANIRA: You come, having been told, as I suppose, Of my distress; but you are ignorant And may you never by experience learn What canker gnaws my heart. For Girlhood feeds In the same place, in pastures such as these, Where neither heat of the Sun-god, nor rain, Nor any breath of tempest, vexes it; But in delights it rears an untasked life, Up to the point where we obtain the name Of wife instead of maiden, and receive Share, in the night-time, of solicitudes, Portioned with fears, either for spouse or child. Hence might each see, regarding her own case, Under what burdens I am labouring. Troubles indeed right many do I mourn; But one, such as I never felt before, I will forthwith disclose. For when our lord Heracles sped from home on his last journey, He left indoors an ancient tablet, graven With characters, which never theretofore At any time, starting for fight on fight, Would he declare to me; rather he would march As to achievement, not as to his death; While now, as though his life were done, he told me What of his goods I was to take for dower, Told me what portion of his heritage He would assign for his children, share by share, Setting a date beforehand, in such sort As, when he had been absent from the land Full fifteen months, either at that same hour He must needs die, or, overpassing it, Live ever afterwards without annoy. So, he declared, it was decreed of Heaven The toils of Heracles should have their end; Even as Dodona\s ancient oak, he said, By the two Peleads uttered. And of this The true fulfilment, as it was to be, Points to this present hour. Wherefore, dear friends, As I sleep quietly I start up for fear, Dreading that I my have to linger on, The widow of the foremost man of men.

Procedures of the Recruitment Process

Attracting: Recruiting Selection The impact of increased global competitiveness on human resources is notable. Presently, organizations engage the services of highly skilled and experienced personnel. Consequently, this has immensely impacted on the labor market.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Procedures of the Recruitment Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Recruitment processes have become more strategic and reformed. The human resources department plays a significant role. Generally, talent, expertise and leadership qualities have gained importance (ARMSTRONG 2010, p. 12). The processes of attracting, recruitment and selection are important. The application of strategic and comprehensive processes enables employers to acquire quality human resource. The potential employees also have the capacity to identify the best employers within the market. It is important to note the impacts of increased competitiv eness within the human resource. Workers have also developed interests on capacity building, quality experience and improvement. Organizations must determine the factors that may attract potential and effectively performing workers. Therefore, they must be smart while presenting the available employment opportunities. The potential workers must also strive to learn the ways of detecting the best employers. Organizations have applied different strategies to ensure that their opportunities are competitive. For instance, providing good wages to the workers have frequently been used (ASWATHAPPA 2005, p. 8).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The employing organizations have also used other competitive reward and benefit schemes. These have considerably led to increased applications for various available job opportunities. It is upon the human resource and relevant line managers to use a strategic selection procedure. Evidently, it is notable that quality management is widely applicable in the recruitment processes. Personally, I have developed a desire to work within organizations that value employee welfare. A majority of employees indicate that appropriate values must be well articulated within the organization’s mission and vision statements (DALE DALE 2003, p. 22). The type and quality of leadership also have great importance. This is because workers would want to serve in an environment that offers explicit human liberties and respect. These issues must be explicitly communicated as part of the job advertisement. According to most investigations, quality processes within an organization begins during the recruitment stage. This factor also helps the organization to perform effectively. Attractive job advertisements must be comprehensive in communicating the mission and cultures of the particular organization. Additionally, they must be inclusive in nature. This means that the job advertisements must not be discriminative. There must be consideration of different groups of people, gender, cultures, race and religious beliefs. Indeed, with the increasingly liberal society, there is more need for institutions to avoid discrimination. Presently, employees and lobby groups value the respect of human rights and dignity. A positive culture and non-discriminative policies will increase employee attraction.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Procedures of the Recruitment Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organizations must also recognize that an inclusive approach broaden the pool of viable recruits. Employees have continually recognized the significance of comprehensive communication of the job expectations. Indicatively, a comprehensive communication of job specification and requirement provides room for a cost and benefit analysis (COOPER ROBERTSON 2001, p. 19). This is normally done by the potential recruits. Adequate research is necessary for knowing the factors that attract potential employees. From a personal perspective, I would admit that employees have variable interests. Because we are human, there is possibility of existence of disparities on the various appealing factors. This is notwithstanding other considerations such as the remuneration package. Perhaps, this explains why employees variably identify with certain organizational cultures and ideologies. A successful recruitment process must have several considerations. Most organizations have recognized the importance of training and development. Like many potential employees argue, there is an urgent need for capacity building. This might be the reason why most workers value the opportunities for apprenticeship offered in various organizations. These strategic and contemporary issues must be well communicated within the job advertisements. Another important considerati on during job advertisement is the need for competitive remuneration. Ideally, employees also appreciate and admire working within competitive environments (ARMSTRONG 2010, p. 18).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As an employee, serving within a competitive environment would enhance my critical and analytical skills. This is very important for capacity development and general experience. Therefore, organizations must promise enjoyable work environment to the potential recruits. Other vital considerations within the process may include flexible hours at work. The observation of recent employee concerns such as quality of work life and work-life balance is important. The application process must be very straight forward. This minimizes the inconveniences and increases the level of employee confidence on the recruitment procedure. The employees must also be keen in identifying potential employers. Generally, to avoid cases of malpractices and confusion, they must consider a comprehensive policy communication. Presently, it is important to conduct an investigative survey on the background of the organization desired. This is to enable the recruits to familiarize themselves with the relevant orga nizational policies, history and mission. An employee must be well informed on the nature of operations of the intended employer. Seemingly, organizations have critical roles in ensuring the recruitment process is not flawed. Although the human resource might have important roles, the involvement of the line managers in the recruitment process is also crucial (CATANO 2009, p.34). Particularly, this applies for most for technical jobs. This is because they test the competencies of the employees in implementing the technical processes of an organization. Description of the job requirements and specification is important. There is an element of attraction when these factors are integrated within the recruitment process. Organizations with constructive brand and thriving business image have the capacity to attract skilled potential recruits (ASWATHAPPA 2005, p.21). There are other unique incentives that when communicated effectively, may enhance the process of recruitment. For instance, as an employee, I would personally prefer organizations that communicate unique services to their potential workers. Some of the incentives that most workers have admitted to appeal for are observable. These might include services such as gym, health insurance waivers as well as childcare support services. Organizations are advised to consider the provisions communicated by their potential competitors. It is clear that through this observation, the organization may attract the best. Providing a distinct array of benefits relative to that of potential competitors enables the recruiting organizations to get the brightest and more skilled workforce. On the other hand, this initiative also helps to offer the potential employees with a chance to work within highly competitive and reputable organizations. Positive reputation and business or organizational brand is vital for successful performance and efficiency. The development of a good employer brand also remains critical. This is beca use most present employees like associating with positive brand images. There are systematic procedures in the recruitment process. For effective employment relationship, potential employers must conduct a job examination. This helps to ensure that they are aware of the requirements. It is normally associated with the necessary skills, familiarity and competencies (COOPER ROBERTSON 2001, p. 49). The kind of employment to be provided must also be considered and communicated appropriately. Organizations must ensure that the various job descriptions and the selection methodologies are precise. These should also be up to date and modified whenever such needs arise. Organizations must also determine the processes applicable in the assessment of all potential recruit’s suitability for the described job. There are basic considerations to be taken in notice. Indicatively, it is evident that potential recruits presently demand to know the specific criteria for short listing and inter viewing. A transparent recruitment process must publicly state its disclaimer and policies regarding corruption issues. Emerging employee requirements or demands must also be met during the recruitment process. For instance, in my past applications, I have always sought to conduct follow ups. I have also demanded to know the official interview and the reporting dates for successful employees. For effective performance, organizations must develop their personal recruitment plans (COOPER ROBERTSON 2001, p. 54). This explains the methodologies for informing the general public or potential candidates of the basic minimal requirements for the advertised position. An informed short listing process is applicable. In addition, the importance of application of rational criteria for sidelining the less qualified applicants must be considered. Notably, the present technological advancements have had significant impacts on communication. These have also remarkably influenced most organizationa l processes including recruitment (DALE DALE 2003, p. 38). The increase in social networking technology has enhanced the processes and channels that organizations might use in posting their job vacancies. Generally, the contemporary employees would prefer associating with organizations that have a remarkable appreciation of the networking technology. Apart from these, the utilization of the various current media channels by potential employers increases the base for acquisition of skilled workers. There are various media channels through which organizations might advertise their job vacancies. However, care must be taken to choose the most popular and frequently accessed media for the advertisement. The recruitment process is a comprehensive undertaking that requires an integrated approach. Particularly, this is evident if the strategic organizational objectives are to be attained. The importance of carrying out a job analysis by the organization and the potential employee is emine nt. The initiative enables both parties to know how the opportunity can contribute to accomplishing their plans (DALE DALE 2003, p. 42). In case of an organization, the opportunity is analyzed versus the projected achievements on the goals. The potential employees are also able to examine how this offer would assist them in attaining their professional and career goals. From my experience, it is clear that remuneration may at times be a weaker factor for consideration. This is because an employee must consider other several factors that are pertinent to the job opportunity. These might include the job conditions, working hours, employee welfare and the benefits scheme. The actual responsibilities must be clearly communicated within the description of job specifications. This is also vital both to the potential employee and the employer. This is because for an employee, one is able to determine whether they have the capacity to meet the job specifications or demands. The analysis is normally in terms of skills, knowledge as well as experience. Presently, leadership competencies have gained a lot of attention during the recruitment process. Basically, this is because organizations have increasingly recognized the importance of strategic leadership in management. Selection of the potential employees must follow an open and comprehensible procedure (ASWATHAPPA 2005, p. 58). Potential employees must be aware of all the matters pertinent to the organization. Apart from their knowledge and skills, they must also have and be able to depict transformational leadership skills. This enables them to have an upper hand during the selection process. The organizations must provide the potential recruits with the room to present their skills sufficiently. This is important in the selection process. The determination and selection of the most viable candidates must follow a rational and fair approach. This aspect is vital in obtaining the employees with the required quality a nd skills. In addition, it helps to strengthen the organization’s public image and creates a strong brand (ARMSTRONG 2010, p. 35). Employers should observe the fact that just mere attraction does not help in the development of a strong workforce. However, capacity development, motivation and welfare considerations are critical factors of interest to the employees. Indeed, the recruitment process remains as an important initiative both to the employers and also to the potential workers. Utilization of the Talent Pipeline (CIPD 2006) by Organizations The increased competition for the limited available human resource has led to many adjustments. Presently, there is more focus on the development of potential talents amongst all employees. This initiative has lead to productive performance and increased efficiency within organizations. The concept of talent management has been given consideration from the stages of recruitment. Nurturing of employees’ capacities has become a definite role within most organizations (DEB 2005, p.5). The human resources department has particularly undertaken significant roles in ensuring that workers acquire the appropriate skills and experience. Observably, this is always commensurate with their talents. The present organizations require high level performers with great dedication to their obligations. The recruitment processes have been redefined to be more strategic. Evidently, there is application of quality management practices right from the recruitment stage within organizations. The basic objective of such innovative initiatives is to adequately and appropriately develop talented personnel (SCHIEMANN 2009, p. 36). Such personnel have the capacity to steer the organization towards innovation and effective performance. In order to obtain the required talent, organizations must endeavor to comprehensively address and communicate job specifications. Through this, a potential employee is able to match his or her intri nsic talents to those described for the job. Ideally, this forms the basic spring board for the recruitment process. Personally, I would prefer to work within an organization that values and nurtures talent. Through the recruitment process, I will be able to identify the most innovative organization that can nurture my intrinsic skills. Of course, I can achieve this through examination and analysis of their organizational policies, values as well as cultures. These have to be properly indicated within their advertisements. Generally, the importance of apprenticeship and capacity building during work processes cannot be underscored. Personally, I believe that proper remuneration is crucial for employees with explicit talents and competencies. My interests will fall for organizations that have portrayed their desire and values in employee welfare and career support. Various work processes and management issues are learnt and experienced while a person is already employed. Talent manag ement refers to the practice of applying interconnected personnel processes to offer an understandable benefit to an organization (GOLDSMITH CARTER 2010, p. 56). To build my talent, I expect an organization to value its human resources as the first internal and important stakeholders. In order to build and sustain my competency, skills and competitive edge, my employer must consider the various talent management initiatives. The organization must assess the skills they need in order to be successful in the future. These issues must be well defined within the organization’s strategic plans. These initiatives are vital because they assist the organization to identify the critical talent that they must outsource or hire. Ideal organizations have to source the appropriate talent from the necessary avenues. Generally, utilization of the appropriate media and recruitment mechanisms is vital in this process. In order to match my talents with the required skills, organizations must adequately perform a comprehensive job description. These should entail the capacities that are most needed. Once in the organization, I will expect to be treated with open-mindedness. Coupled with transformational leadership approach, this will help to enhance my innovative skills. Therefore, as an employee, I will have the room to develop novelty, enhance my skills and exercise my innate or acquired talents. This will help in boosting my talent. Motivation will enable me to compete constructively with other work mates within the organization. Lack of motivation undermines development of talent and leads to boredom within the workplaces (DEB 2005, p.20). Personally, I would prefer to work within a competitive and highly motivated work environment. This will help me advance my professional goals and also to harness my talents. The importance of behavior or character assessments during the recruitment stage cannot be undermined. In order to create a team of highly talented employees, the organization must integrate such approaches. Personally, working within competitive and highly talented teams creates a challenging environment. This is appropriate for positive development of an individual’s talent. Free and social working environment that is more liberalized will enhance my talent and skills. A high quality orientation into the place of work including organizational cultures and corporate beliefs would help in initiating positive talent (SHUKLA 2009, p. 19). Generally, the pace and level of quality laid for me during the first appointment within the organization is vital. This is because it would help me in defining the necessary skills and appropriate talent that I would exercise in my new job. Additionally, the orientation will provide me with critical organizational requirements pertinent for my new role. In order to familiarize adequately with the organizational environment and requirements, adequate transition will be necessary. With proper guidan ce from the experienced staff, I will be able to master the policy requirements and various procedures within the organization. This is an important initial step in developing a positive relationship with the organizational environment. Apart from the academic qualifications, the experience and other trainings received during the actual practice are important. This is, particularly, for career development. To enhance my talent, I must be engaged in induction as well as capacity building programmes within the organization. The human resources department is crucially responsible for human capital development (GOLDSMITH CARTER 2010, p. 61). Personal involvement with the managers, including the line and top managers will help in developing my competency and communication skills. Participatory leadership approach enhances the employees’ capacities to engage in positive problem resolution initiatives. Through engagement in collective brain storming, I will develop the potential fo r solving challenges within an organizational setting. Furthermore, such initiatives can also assist me to enhance my conflict resolution skills. There is an increasing realization that high wages and remuneration packages might not necessarily translate into effective performance (SHUKLA 2009, p. 45). Analytically, this also has minimal role in enhancing the workers’ talents. As recognized by most employees, the most fundamental factor is the ability to provide an adequate working environment. Working in an organization with a positive culture towards employee development is good. Personally, I believe that an organization that values collective performance and supports team work is appropriate for talent development. People learn to develop their interpersonal and social skills. Apart from this, they appreciate the value of team work and endeavor to enable the organization meet its collective goals. In order to effectively build my talent, the organization’s intrinsi c beliefs, cultures and values must resonate appropriately with my career and individual objectives. Personally, I would feel more motivated to deliver and enhance my skills within supportive and comfortable environments. My immediate manager must be skilled with good leadership capacities. This will help in the process of problem reporting and solution. Apart from this, positive leadership will be vital for the development of an individual’s talent. Effective recognition and reward of excellently performing employees within an organization is a critical mechanism (SILZER DOWELL 2010, p. 87). This is because it helps in the development of talent. Personally, I would feel motivated and agitated to continue working hard if my excellent performance was recognized by the management. Such initiatives may help to foster positive competition amongst the workers. Consequently, this helps to increase the general organization’s output. My engagement within all decision making p rocesses in the organization would impart a positive attribute in me. This is because as an employee, I am able to feel engaged and valued within the organization. Therefore, I have the capacity to fully exercise my potential attributes and talents within the organization. This helps to nurture and shape my skills and talents continuously. The designated duty must fit with my skills, capacity and experience. This should also be extended to the larger work environment. Generally, an accommodative workplace environment enables individuals to feel free and share their knowledge and skills. Other organizational services that are not part of the work processes are critical. This might include provision of services for sporting. Engagement in such activities increases the level of cohesion and integration amongst the members of the organization or team. Apart from this, people are able to advance other talents such as the sporting skills. Generally, employees would prefer to serve in an o rganization with unique recreation facilities and services (SHUKLA 2009, p. 61). Another vital factor that enhances the level of employee talent is team building. Involvement in team building activities help to enhance and individual’s leadership competencies. Workers are more likely to shape their management and leadership talents when they interact and engage in team building. An organization must consider the effective kind of development that will enable me to attain my personal and the collective organizational demands. The role of development in enhancing talent management cannot be underestimated. Employee development can be done through continuous trainings, capacity building and apprenticeship. The competencies that one must consider are variable. Some of these might include the knowledge, the appropriate skills, behavior and positive attitude (GOLDSMITH CARTER 2010, p. 90). Thus, organizations must be able to conduct an assessment of their worker’s competenc y and profile. This intervention would help to identify the areas of deficiencies causing the observed malfunctions within an organization. An effective organizational system will not allow any employee to harbor a deviant attribute. I would be personally attracted to those organizations that are able to establish opportunities necessary for growth. This might be conducted through diverse processes. Some may include trainings, engagement within programmes, and teamwork. Job shadowing and rotation might also include other important processes of talent development. Continuous monitoring and performance appraisals are key interventions that help in the development of employee talent. Through these mechanisms, the management has the capacity to assess employee progress. They are also pertinent steps during needs assessment by the human resources department. Through performance appraisal, the department is able to note the disparities and areas that require improvement. Any training must resonate with the organizational policies and objectives. As an employee, I appreciate the impact that mentoring has on a person’s career. Through active mentoring, I will be able to set my career goals and appropriately endeavor towards meeting them. Mentoring would also manipulate my perceptions and feelings towards the organizational values and commitment. The communication and feedback mechanisms are very critical components of active talent management (SCHIEMANN 2009, p. 78). Employees cannot comprehensively exercise their talents and skills within organizations that have broken communication and feedback systems. Additionally, there must be a stipulated system of identification and reward of talent. Personally, I would strive to increase my output if my unique talent was recognized through promotion by the management. Promotion of excellently performing workers is an effective way of building talent within organizations. I must be engaged in establishing personal perfo rmance agreements and goals. This will ensure my fidelity and commitment to the general organizational goals and objectives. In achieving this aspect, the human resources department and the line managers have a potential role to play. Agreements are important because they set out the required deliverables (SILZER DOWELL 2010, p. 97). Furthermore, they establish the appropriate standards and actions that are necessary in times of failure. This concept is important because it increases the level of accountability and responsibility in individuals. In the present competitive organizational environment, performance contracting is becoming increasingly appropriate. Conclusively, the importance of talent management remains eminent within all organizations. Nurturing this talent is a critical initiative that must be undertaken by the management. This must be well articulated within the organization’s mission and vision statements. Potential recruits must be able to access such vita l information within the job advertisements. It is also appropriate to recognize the important role of strategic management in the recruitment and talent management processes. Lastly, it is crucial to note that effective recruitment processes form the basic spring board for successful talent management. List of References ARMSTRONG, M 2010, Armstrong’s Essential Human Resource Management Practice a Guide to People Management, Kogan Page, London. ASWATHAPPA, K 2005, Human resource and personnel management: text and cases, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi. CATANO, M 2009, Recruitment and selection in Canada, Nelson Education, Toronto. COOPER, D ROBERTSON, T 2001, Recruitment and selection: a framework for success, Thomson Learning, London. DALE, M DALE, M 2003, A manager’s guide to recruitment and selection, Kogan Page, London. DEB, T 2005, A conceptual approach to strategic talent management, Indus Pub, New Delhi. GOLDSMITH, M CARTER, L 2010, Best practices in talent mana gement: how the world’s leading corporations manage, develop, and retain top talent, John Wiley Sons, San Francisco, CA. SCHIEMANN, W 2009, Reinventing talent management how to maximize performance in the new marketplace, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ. SHUKLA, R 2009, Talent management: process of developing and integrating skilled workers, Global India Publications, New Delhi. SILZER, F DOWELL, E 2010, Strategy driven talent management a leadership imperative, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA. This essay on Procedures of the Recruitment Process was written and submitted by user Karis Hendricks to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Psychological Impact of Stereotype

Psychological Impact of Stereotype Free Online Research Papers Society is shared with a diverse group of people who express individuality in their own distinct way. Although we may experience and share much of our culture with other people, and transfer it from one generation to another, it impacts everyone differently. Our culture is primarily responsible for the characteristics that make us unique and special. Culture is the shaping of our minds and our lives by the norms, morals, values, ideas, traditions, customs, art, history, and institutions. It also encompasses our physical attributes such as height, skin color, gender, sexual orientation, and religion. Culture has an undeniable impact on our attitudes, how we perceive the world, and our interpersonal interactions. Stereotypes We are all guilty of using stereotypes, more than we care to admit. Stereotypes are a quick and effective way we identify observable characteristics of a few representatives from a group. We may hear something secondhand, and we apply these attributes collectively to the whole. This brings about a view of the entire group that makes them seem less threatening and overwhelming. Using the stereotype allows the person to feel more comfortable and powerful. People judge other people, and fall short. Understanding the background, the values, traditions and the essence of an individual or a culture is difficult and time consuming. Therefore, it is easier to use limited knowledge to generalize and apply labels. Labels are generally prejudiced and biased, yet accepted as stereotypes for large cultures such as African American or Native American, but also smaller ones, such as women, liberals and conservatives, police officers, and religions. These all too commonly distort the view of particular individuals or groups. (Dahlstrom, 1993). Stereotypes make people judgmental about others. Oftentimes they are used as a scapegoat. Stereotypes allow a way to separate â€Å"their† behavior from â€Å"my† behavior. They prevent identifying and understanding the actual feelings experienced. The belief remains that the problem is how â€Å"those people† are, instead of addressing the feelings of hurt, confusion, anger, etc. (Moore, 2007). Negative Stereotyping has generated laws and rules that benefit some people, and exclude, or punish other people. The Jim Crow laws forcibly discrimated against African Americans and did not permit their entry into certain places, or allow them to take part in particular activities. The negative effect of internalizing the negative stereotype of a woman’s need to be very thin to be beautiful may harm a woman’s self-esteem. It could lead to eating disorders, and a vulnerability to plastic surgery that will perpetuate this image. The stereotype of Asian Americans as driven, successful and possessing extreme intelligence should be positive; however, it places an unnecessary burden on individuals to thrive and succeed, and may lead to depression and higher rates of suicide (Moore, 2007). To combat the effect of stereotypes, people should concentrate on relationship, on discovering the commonalities that all people share. When people share a common thread, the practice of respect and understanding come into play, rather than ignorant stereotyping that justifies terrible actions and behaviors. Homelessness The stereotype of the homeless population is made up of, old white men, the mentally ill, and runaway teens. Yet the homeless community is different from the primarily incorrect stereotypes. Homelessness results from family breakdown or tragedy, or natural disaster, or the socially less competent or disabled unable to receive familial or societal help. The majority of the homeless population is made up of working and underclass backgrounds, but it is not unfamiliar with people from all cultural identities, socioeconomic backgrounds, and family types (Lacher, 2005). To live a normal life, a home to live in is required. The homeless do not have privacy, freedom, or independence. They do not have access to security or a place of their own to relax. The homeless cannot take a regular shower, have regular meals, a permanent address, phone number, or place to sleep. When a homeless person searches for a job, he or she may find one, then be turned away because of the stereotype and stigma related to living homeless. If he or she does acquire a job, it may be a burden to keep because the loss of resources connected with living in a home makes it difficult to be successful at the job. It is also unfortunate that many of the jobs available to the homeless population do not pay enough or provide the benefits that would overcome homelessness (Lacher, 2005). Homelessness is a hardship that produces a tragic outcome for many individuals and families. Psychological trauma resulting in emotional distress and emotional disorder is a potential and likely effect for those faced with the reality of homelessness. First, both the unexpected, sudden loss, and the gradual losing of a home, results in the sacrifice of neighbors, routines, and maybe even family members. The aftermath can undoubtedly be a severe stressor that produces symptoms of psychological stress and trauma. The ongoing burdens of lack of safety, no predictability or control that is associated with living in a homeless shelter, may wear away at the remaining coping mechanisms causing or exacerbating psychological stress and trauma. Finally, especially for women who become homeless after a history of physical or sexual abuse, psychological trauma will most likely be aggravated and there will be an overwhelming barrier to recovery (Goodman, Saxe, Harvey, 1991). Ageism In our society people are most often automatically sorted into three dominant categories: race, sex, and age. The most socially accepted and condoned prejudice in the United States today, is age prejudice (Nelson, 2002). Older people are stereotyped as physically ill, senile, sexually ineffective, and helpless. Wisdom and knowledge is the honorable gift of age. Instead of embracing the natural process of aging, most people dread the inevitability of becoming older, and all its social implications. The truth is, the older generation is made up of immensely diverse individuals who are not that easily classified. Society may view people over 65 with â€Å"one foot in the grave,† or â€Å"ready to be put out to pasture,† these individuals view themselves as active, energetic, and productive members of the community. It is an unfortunate attribute of our society that perpetuates the negative stereotypes that are aimed toward the elderly. These harmful biases and impressions cause people to develop wrong attitudes and behave adversely toward the aged. Older people’s ability to be vigorous, productive and creative doesn’t change. Rather, it is society’s unwillingness to see seniors as vital and effective contributors despite the fact that they reach retirement age. An unfortunate by product of internalizing these negative stereotypes results in many older individuals absorbing these concepts into his or her own mind-sets. This is an example of the self-fulfilling prophecy. By buying into society’s stereotype, the older person internalizes these assumptions and their behavior confirms the stereotype. A study has shown that older people who embrace a positive self-image of them aging, lived approximately 7.5 years longer than those with negative self-perceptions. Those people who have a positive experience with aging have better memories and better balance. Positive attitudes will foster a positive impact on aging (Stanford Edu., 2009). Conclusion Perhaps there is nothing that will end society’s ingrained bias that Asian Americans are ruthlessly successful, the homeless are mentally unstable drug addicts, and the elderly are frail and powerless. The exaggeration of negative aspects, simplifying preconceived images of people, is societies obsession. An awareness of the background, the values, traditions and the essence of an individual or a culture would reveal the inadequacies of these misinterpreted stereotypes. When people build mutual relationships the practice of respect and understanding come into play, rather than ignorant stereotyping that justifies terrible actions and behaviors. References: Dahlstrom, W. (1993). Tests: Small samples, large consequences. American Psychologist, 48(4), 393-399. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.48.4.393 Goodman, L., Saxe, L., Harvey, M. (1991). Homelessness as psychological trauma: Broadening perspectives. American Psychologist, 46(11), 1219-1225. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.46.11.1219. Lacher, A. (2005).- Homelessness and Poverty: A Cross Cultural Study of Homelessness and Social Policy. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Marriott Hotel, Loews Philadelphia Hotel, Philadelphia, PA Online . 2009-05-25 from allacademic.com/meta/p22313_index.html Moore, J. (2007Year, May 4). The effects of stereotyping [Opinion and editorial]. Message posted to associatedcontent.com/article/233134/the_effects_of_stereotyping_pg2.html?cat=9 Nelson, T.D. (2002). Ageism: stereotyping and prejudice against older persons. : MIT Press. Stanford Edu.. (2009). Global public health and marginalized populations: sexuality, disability, age, etc.. Retrieved from http://stanford.edu/class/humbio129s/cgi-bin/blogs/marginalizedpop/2009/05/14/global-public-health-and-the-elderly-ageism-and-mental-health/ Research Papers on Psychological Impact of Stereotype19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementHip-Hop is ArtCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesCapital Punishment

Adolf Hitler1 essays

Adolf Hitler1 essays Founder and leader of Nazi Party, Head of State and Commander of the Armed Forces, Adolf Hitler was born in Austria on April 20, 1889. Hitler was born to Austrian customs officials, Alois Schickelgruber Hitler, and his third wife, Klara Poelzl, both from Austria. Hitler was a resentful and discontent child who was moody, lazy, and having a short temper. As a young man Hitler was very hostile towards his father and strongly attached to his mother, whose death from cancer in December of 1908 really had a big impact on his life. After spending about four years in the Realschule in Linz, he dropped out at sixteen years of age with intentions on becoming a painter. In October of 1907 Hitler left home and headed to Vienna, where he was to lead the bohemian, vagabond existence until 1913. The Viennese Academy of Fine Arts rejected him and he spent five years of misery in Vienna as he later recalled. Hitler's views didn't change much within the years he still had a very strong hatred towards Jews and Marxists. In Vienna he received his first education in politics by studying the techniques of the popular Christian Mayor, and Karl Lueger, where he picked up stereotyped, obsessive anti-Semitism with it's brutal, violent sexual connotations and concern with the purity of blood. From Georg von Schoenerer, Lanz von Liebenfels, and the Austrian Pan German leader, Hitler learned to discern in the Eternal Jew, the symbol and cause of all chaos and corruption in politics, and the economy. In May 1913 Hitler left Vienna for Munich. When war broke out in August 1914, Hitler joined the Sixteenth Bavarian Infantry Regiment, serving as a dispatch runner. Hitler proved to be a courageous soldier, and received an Iron Cross for bravery, however he never got past Lance Corporal in ranking. He was injured a couple times, and then badly gassed four weeks before the end of the war. He spent three months recuperating in the hospital, temporarily b...

The Rachel Wade Murder Trial Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Rachel Wade Murder Trial - Research Paper Example The prosecutors of the trial were legal representatives for the state of Florida, as well as for the parents and family of Sarah Ludemann. Assistant State Attorney Lisset Hanewicz spoke on the behalf of the victim (Judd, 2010). The defense was Rachel Wade and and her defense attorney, Jay Hebert. The jury of six also played a role - perhaps one of the largest roles - in the trial. Finally, no court situation would be complete without the presiding judge, Joseph A. Bulone. There were two witnesses present during the time of the murder, and they were also present for the trial. Jilica Smith had been in the vehicle with Sarah Ludemann when the girl had driven over to Rachel Wade’s house in the early morning of April 15. Janet Camacho, the sister of the boy in the love triangle, had also been present during the altercation. She had attacked and subdued Rachel Wade after Wade had stabbed Ludemann (Thalji, 2010). Another friend of Sarah Ludemann, Ashley Lovelady, though not present for the incident of April 15, was able to act as a witness for the behavior that had been displayed by both girls in the months prior to the murder of Ludemann. As the arguments between Rachel Wade and Sarah Ludemann had been lengthy and done most commonly over the Internet or cell phones, evidence against the prosecution and defense was great since most of these arguments had been saved or were easily accessible. Furthermore, the testimonies given by witnesses were able to further confirm that there had been difficulties between Rachel Wade and Sarah Ludemann. Most of the evidence that had been gathered had benefitted both sides of the trial. Since both girls had been fighting against each other for the past year, the evidence found was capable of speaking for and against both of the girls. Neither of the girls had roles of innocence in the year of fighting that had gone

Instrumentation paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Instrumentation paper - Essay Example This absence of national statistics for recidivism does not necessarily mean, however, that the phenomenon is non-existent and is not a concern. In fact, recidivism among juvenile offenders merits special attention considering the prevalence of drug use among offenders, regardless of whether they are adult or juvenile (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2007; Wei, Makkai & McGregor, 2003). Further, three general trends bared by Spiess and Fallow (2006) on the drugs and crime connection sparked interest in the focus of this concept paper : (1) the prevalence of testing positively for drug use among apprehended offenders; (2) the high incidence of offenders who tested positive on drugs when their crimes were committed; and (3) addiction being a common trigger for offenders to commit crimes to in order to support their addiction. The third trend bared in the Spiess and Fallow (2006) study points to a well-established link between crime and drug use. In fact, three-quarters of crack and heroin users confessed that they commit criminal acts to sustain their addiction (Home Office, 2008). Goaded by the various accounts leading to a connection between criminality, in general, and recidivism, the intent of the proposed study is to gather research evidence on the effects of mind altering drug use and abuse to juvenile recidivism . Juvenile offenders/recidivists. Results of the study will be of greatest benefit to juvenile offenders and recidivists, by way of its contribution to the knowledge base of juvenile problems and the suggestions which will be formulated as output or recommendations of the study to assist youth offenders in realizing the importance of freedom, healthy and drug-free living, education, a personal relationship with God and acceptance back to free society. Correctional Institutions. Management and staff of correctional institutions will find significance in the proposed output of this study, as the suggestions and the new knowledge

Smoking and its effect on society Essay Example for Free

Smoking and its effect on society Essay Many people believe that they are in control of their own lives. They believe that their lives are based upon choices they make as individuals. For me on the other hand it is different. I have given my choice away. Throughout my entire life I have been waiting to attain a feeling of independence and a sense of power over my decisions. However, over the past couple years I have succeeded this power, this choice to an addiction that impacts individuals and families all over the world. In high school I was a three sport athlete whom had the opportunity to play at the college level in both soccer and basketball. But like I previously stated I gave my choice away when I began the treacherous addictive habit of smoking cigarettes. When I wake up every day I make a list of things I need to get done that day, I never write down smoke a cigarette but in the back of my mind there is always a plan for smoking a â€Å"bogie†. Imagine waking up every morning and needing a drink of anything you can get your hands on just so you can breathe. This is what I deal with on a daily basis. I am constantly thirsty, out of breathe, and congested. My day is run by when to smoke one. I have a cigarette when I wake up, drink coffee/red bull, after a meal, on the drive to class, on the drive home from class, while I’m doing homework, after sex, when I get bored, and before bed. I smoke a little more than ten cigarettes a day, so let’s do the math for how much I spend in a year for cigarettes. If we round it to half a pack a day, that means I smoke a pack of cigarettes in 2 days. If there are 365 in a year, that’s 182. 5 packs I smoke a year. In today’s economy cigarettes in New York go for $10 a pack, that’s the cheapest you can buy a single pack of Newport’s, which are my cigarette of choice. So if you multiply 182. 5 times 10, that’s $1825 a year I spend on cigarettes. To put this number in perspective for you, the tuition costs here at Clinton Community College for a full year is 3,960. So for one semester it’s $1,980. Essentially this means that if I wasn’t addicted to nicotine I could just about pay for a whole semester of college each year rather than buy 182. 5 packs of cigarettes. For now a pack every two days isn’t a death sentence, but if it’s one thing that is true about addictive habits it is that they only get worse. On this pace within years I could be gradually progressing my addiction to the point where I smoke a pack, maybe even two a day. At this point I struggle sometimes to even find the cash to get a pack, so I can only imagine the financial hardships that await me if my disease progresses. My finances aren’t the only part of my life that is impacted by my nicotine addiction, my health has also suffered an extreme amount. Throughout my whole life I have been the kid yelling one more; one more throw, one more kick, one more shot. Even though I have always dealt with a mild case of asthma, sensational has been the only word to describe my athletic performance between the lines on a field or court. My senior year in high school I ran a 5:40 mile, today I would be lucky to run for 5 straight minutes let alone almost complete a mile during it. Coming out of high school I was recruited by the Plattsburgh Men’s soccer coach to play center half back, which if you know anything about soccer is basically the position which requires the best athlete with the best conditioning on the entire team. In the spring of 2009 I tried my first cigarette. At first I hated it, made me cough, feel sick, and smelt horrible. But then I kept smoking them, soon I began to crave the high of smoking one. Whether it was morning, noon, or night when I wanted one I had to have it. Eventually the summer came and since I was recruited by SUNY Plattsburgh I was required to get myself in to tip top shape before I went up there for preseason. Instead I fed into my addiction and smoking cigarettes led to less energy, which led to partying more than I ever had my entire life. This new phase of my life where every other night there was a graduation party just furthered my habits. It was a phase that to this day I still believe opened doors I was never able to close. By the time preseason had come around I was in the worst shape id ever been in. There were certain expectations I was supposed to meet and I couldn’t have been further from that point. Instead of being a freshmen stud starting on a college soccer team, I became a reserve who could not even go on away trips with the team. My addiction of smoking not only took a toll on my health that year, but also my life. I had failed to meet one of the goals I had worked so hard for my entire life. At this point I came to a realization that cigarettes were my kryptonite, they made me weak and were slowly but surely killing me. A person who hasn’t dealt with addiction will say why don’t you just stop, it’s a choice just don’t do it. What these people don’t understand is that I not only don’t have a choice but I am not one bit in control of anything, nicotine owns me, runs me and fuels me. I am one of many Americans either directly or indirectly effected by smoking. Our society has been very progressive in encouraging people to refrain from smoking. The biggest weapon used is just flat out information. Just reading over these facts makes me want to throw my pack in the toilet as we speak. There are more than 4,800 chemicals in cigarette smoke, and 69 of them are known to cause cancer (Kenny, 2012). Also 90% off lung cancer deaths and 80-90% of emphysema and chronic bronchitis deaths are due to smoking (American Lung Association, 2014). Smoking decreases the life of the average male by 13 years (American Lung Association, 2014). The average male in the U. S. is expected to live until 77. By smoking my entire life I am decreasing my life expectancy from 77 years to 63 years, scary to think about. A scary fact to hear is about second hand smoke. Smoking at home, in your backyard, or alone in your car is one thing because it is mainly only effecting yourself. Smoking in public however is a whole separate issue. In one year there are approximately 3,400 lung cancer deaths and 46,000 heart disease deaths in adult nonsmokers annually due to second hand smoke (Facts about Smoking and Tobacco Use, 2014). Those are people who die because of cigarette smoke and they aren’t even the ones smoking them, pretty cruel way to die. Smoking has greatly affected our society since the appearance of these statistics. Work places, public parks, and many other places have all out lawed smoking there, and if they haven’t outlawed it they have designated smoking areas away from the majority of people. Over the past 50 years our society has changed its perception of smoking. Years back the social structure of the world made it out to be a cool thing to do. If you didn’t smoke you were an outcaste, you would almost be looked down on. Back then it was a common thing to smoke in people’s homes, in movie theaters, even on planes and in restaurants. I can remember when I was a kid my family would go out to eat and we would have to say non-smoking section so we wouldn’t choke on our food while eating because of all the smoke. They used to promote smoking by having celebrities be their icons of the product to draw attention of the fans, or used mascots like a cowboy to signify manliness and strength, and some companies even stooped so low as to use animals as their mascots in order to make smoking friendlier towards children. Society truly does dictate what is considered a norm and what is considered to be irregular or strange. Today all of those things are illegal because a majority of the people believe those methods to be dishonorable and misguiding. The social structure of our society is constantly changing and maybe one day society as a whole will realize how harmful smoking is to the individual as well as the group and outlaw it completely. In this paper I have talked about my addiction to nicotine because it is a problem I deal with on a daily basis. This addiction of mine has effected many areas of my life including work, relationships, health, school, even self-esteem. Through writing this paper I have realized what a financial toll this habit has already taken on my wallet, thousands of dollars have been stolen from me by my addiction. In addition and more importantly, this addiction has already possibly taken years off of my life which is an eye opener that one cannot turn their back on. In conclusion smoking cigarettes has not only impacted my life, but is a nasty habit that effects the lives of individuals and families all over the world.

Mirror for Man: Actions and Thoughts Follow Culture :: Mirror for Man Essays

In a world where everyone has experienced "the same poignant life experiences, such as birth, helplessness, illness, old age, and death," it is incredible to think of the number of ways that peoples can go through these events in life. It is most common that their attitudes and responses are influenced by their environment and society. As Clyde Kluckhohn had explained in "Mirror for Man", the best explanation for any human action is the "concept of culture." One cannot clearly define this idea, but through the comparison of two different groups of people hopefully one can better understand the meaning of culture. By comparing Vietnam and the United States, two very contrasting nations, one can see the force behind the concept of culture in shaping people's lives. In terms of education, the similarities between the two countries are few. Both aim at improving their people's lives, and yet the method in which this is achieved differs greatly. Vietnam, a small country with a large population, has to make do with the lack of technology. It stresses hard work rather than the use of machines. Children are encouraged to do math mentally rather than depend on calculators. As a result, the Vietnamese people do not consider it a sacrifice that they should lead a hard life. Also, their education emphasizes morality rather than independent thinking. Therefore, most Vietnamese children would never think of leaving their families before marriage, unlike the Americans, who would leave for college right after high school or move out of their parents' house to live with friends. The Americans would also prefer to make their lives as easy as possible, which means that rather than adding mentally, they would turn to an adding machine or a computer. Their two wa ys of thinking differ as a result of different education methods. One can also see how culture causes people to be different in their dress styles. In Vietnam, it is acceptable to wear clothes similar to pyjamas out in the street. Yet in America, one cannot do this. One has to dress properly, which means that pyjamas is worn at night and to bed only. However, it is incomprehensible to the Vietnamese why the Americans have to dress so well to go to sleep, why they have to wear nightgowns or pyjamas with fancy designs. They do not understand why it is important to put on a robe when one eats breakfast.

American Airlines Essay

1. Issues 2. American Airlines’ objectives 3. The airline industry 4. Market 5. Consumer needs 6. Brand image 7. Distribution system 8. Pricing 9. Marketing related strategies 10. Assumptions and risks 1- Issues The main issue of this case is the lack of profits of the airline industry, an industry that should be more than profitable due to the large amount of customers, the necessity of using airlines’ services and the high prices charged by most of these airlines. What we are going to deal with is, why is this happening? And how is American airlines dealing with this problem?. To be able to discuss how American airlines wants to regain profitability, we must identify and analyse different issues such as, the company’s background, the airline industry as a whole, the demand for air travel, the marketing strategies, the distribution systems, pricing policies etc. 2- American Airlines’ objectives American Airlines’ prime objective is to bring back value to air travel, through stimulating business travel, lowering prices etc. So in other words American Airlines’ main objective is to become as profitable as possible. To understand better the company’s objectives we first have to focus on the company’s background, this way we will find out why the airline is not as profitable as it should, and what kind of a change is needed. American Airlines had been the largest airline in the United States for a long time. In 1990 and 1991 due to a recession and the Gulf War, demand for air travel dropped drastically, for this reason, fare wars started and all the airlines incurred massive losses. 3- The Airline industry and the market The airline industry is large, specially in the United States, mainly due to the † Deregulation† of the industry. In 1938, the Civil Aeronautics Board was created to control the growth of the air transportation industry. This board had the authority to control entry, exit, prices and methods of competition. In the late 1970 this structure was found inefficient and in 1978 deregulation took place. Due to the deregulation of the industry competition intensified, prices dropped, and the number of people travelling increased. Many new companies  emerged and regional airlines saw deregulation as an opportunity to expand. Due to the rise in competition, by 1986 mergers started to take place and in 1987 64.8% of the market was controlled by the four largest airlines. The demand for air travel is determined mainly by price, studies revealed that half of the leisure travellers and on quarter of business travellers did not have a preference for a particular airline, which means that prices determined the preference. So the strategy to compete for customers consisted mainly in pricing and flight schedules. The demand for flights varies depending on the season or the business cycle therefore airlines have to develop different pricing strategies and offers depending on the season or the business cycle period. An other determinant for demand is technology, the new telecommunication possibilities have made air travelling unnecessary in some cases, which of course has affected airlines revenues. 4- Consumer needs. Consumer needs are clear, what airline consumers need is basically god prices and good flight schedules. These are the basic needs, apart from these ones we could also point out other needs such as big, comfortable seats for long flights, good service on board, good food, punctual departures, check-in facilities, movie channels, etc. All these are consumer needs, but studies have shown that demand is mainly determined by price and a flight schedules, the rest just add value to these two, therefore companies must focus on ways to lower prices and provide good flight timetables. There are two types of travellers, business travellers and leisure travellers, these two of course have different needs, for the first ones price is not so important because usually the company pays for it on the other hand punctuality and flight schedules are very important to them. For leisure travellers the most important thing is usually price, and the rest comes after that. But as I said before consumer needs can be summarised in these to price and schedules. 5- Brand image American Airlines’ brand image is good, due to its successful background and its new marketing strategies. In 1991 American Airlines was the biggest airline in the United States, and the reason for it is that this airline was pioneer in many fields gaining competitive advantage over the other airlines. When deregulation took part in 1978, American transformed in  such a way that it became the industry’s market share leader. American had also pioneered several policies that affected the industry’s structure and standard practices. In the late 1960’s, American introduced the first computerised airline reservation system, which revolutionised the marketing and distribution of the travel industry. American also introduced â€Å"the super saver† fares in 1977, which was the first programme of deep discounts for leisure travellers, and in 1981, American launched the first frequent-flier programme, which created brand loyalty towards the airline. American Airlines is constantly developing new strategies, and introducing new technologies, and this is why its brand image is so high. Some of the new innovations that American Airlines is introducing are, the any time fares for business, new plan ahead for leisure, lower first class fares, etc. 6- The distribution system The main distribution system for air travel is the travel agent, which provides not only the flight ticket, but also supplementary services such as car rentals, hotels, excursions, etc. Airlines ask the agents to make reservations and deliver tickets. There is a difference in the distribution of tickets for business travellers and leisure travellers. Leisure travellers deal always with the agent, but for business travellers sometimes the airlines make deals directly with the companies. Airlines also make special offers to large corporate buyers, like price discount for frequent flier travellers, or quantity discounts. Nowadays there are other distribution systems, such as on line booking, and airlines’ home delivery tickets. 7- Pricing After the deregulation, pricing policies changed drastically, airlines started to offer a wide variety of fares discounted below the regular price. These discount were accompanied by several restrictions such as advanced booking, no refund, no changing dates, etc. Therefore people unwilling to meet these restrictions paid a higher price. At American Airlines management was viewed as selling the right seat to the right person, this means that they search for ways to find out who is willing to pay a higher price, and how can they make him pay a higher price. By 1991, the industry’s pricing structure had become enormously complex. American’s flights involved maintaining 500,000 fares. By late 1991 93% of the tickets  were sold at one kind of a discount or another. And the average discount was 63%. Due to the complex pricing structure American developed the â€Å"value pricing† plan. This plan consisted in: First for any given flight there would be only four different fares. Second, all fares would be mileage-related, and finally, the new fares were set below the levels of comparable existing fares so lower prices would be available to more business and leisure travellers. 8- Marketing related strategies Some the marketing strategies carried out by American Airlines have been: -Computerised reservation Systems: This system changed the industry’s marketing and distribution systems. This system stored information about, flights, seats availability and fares. Which made the booking and distribution a lot easier. CRS systems gave American Airlines a great competitive advantage over the other airlines, as booking fees by CRS enabled American to earn substantial amounts from its competitors. -Hubbing: With hubbing, flights from various origins on spokes of the network are channelled through an intermediate location, where they change planes and are re-routed to their final destination. This way the airline can serve more locations with fewer planes. -Frequent Flyer programmes: These programmes provide discounts or bonuses to frequent travellers. The value of the bonuses increase as the mileage flown increase, the bonuses can take various forms such as, fare reductions, upgrades to better classes or even free tickets. 9- Assumptions and risks In my opinion all of this strategies are brilliant, the only risk I see is in hubbing, customers sometimes don’t want spend additional time changing planes, there is the risk of missing connecting planes, luggage may get lost, etc. In the rest of the strategies I don’t see any risks what so ever.

Restorative Justice and the Criminal Justice System Essay

Mennonites and other practitioners in Ontario, Canada, and later in Indiana, experimented with victim offender encounters that led to programs in these communities and later became models for programs throughout the world. Restorative justice theory developed initially from these particular efforts[ (Zehr, 2002) ]. The restorative justice movement originally began as an effort to rethink the needs which crimes create, as well as the roles implicit in crimes. Restorative justice advocates were concerned about needs that were not being met in the usual justice process[ (Zehr, 2002) ]. The criminal justice system’s approach to justice has some important strengths. Yet, there is also a growing acknowledgment of this system’s limits and failures. Victims, offenders, and community members often feel that justice does not adequately meet their needs. Justice professionals, who make up the core components, such as: judges, lawyers, prosecutors, probation and parole officers, and prison staff frequently express a sense of frustration as well. Many feel that the process of justice deepens societal wounds and conflicts rather than contributing to healing or peace[ (Zehr, 2002) ]. Interdisciplinary study and research in public safety and restorative justice is very important. Restorative justice at this day in age will not replace the current court system, but it offers an alternative resolution service for people who want to try another approach. For example, some places are offering mediated victim and offender community conferences. These conferences provide facilitators to help victims and offenders seek reconciliation and resolution. Restorative justice seeks alternatives to continue to put more and more people in jail. Restorative justice seeks sentences that make amends to the victim of crime and to the community as a whole [(Zehr, 2002) ]. Restorative Justice 3 My related feel of study is criminal justice. The criminal justice system is not a perfect system by far. The criminal justice system is concerned about holding offenders accountable, but that means making sure offenders get the punishment they deserve. The restorative justice approach focuses on the harm that has been done to people, individually and as a community. Restorative justice recognizes that crime is wrong and should not occur and also recognizes that after it does, there are dangers and opportunities. Restorative justice has brought an awareness of the limits and negative byproducts of punishment. Beyond that, however, it has argued that punishment is not real accountability. Real accountability involves facing up to what one has done. It means encouraging offenders to understand the impact of their behavior, the harms they have done, and urging them to take steps to put things right as much as possible[ (Zehr, 2002) ]. Restorative justice and the criminal justice system are two systems that have different views. Restorative justice focuses on harm that has been done to people, individually and as a community. It recognizes that crime is wrong and should not occur, and also recognizes that after it does, there are dangers and opportunities[ (Kelly, 2001) ]. The criminal justice system has three core components, police, courts, and corrections. Each core component has a different function in the criminal justice system. The police functions are to enforce specific laws, investigate specific crimes, earch people, vicinities, buildings, arrest or detain people. The police function is primarily a function of cities and states (Overview, 2008). The courts functions are broken down into prosecutors, judges and magistrates. The prosecutors file charges or petitions for adjudication, seek indictments, drop cases and reduce charges. Restorative Justice 4 The judges and magistrates set bail or conditions for release, accept pleas, determine delinquency, dismiss charges, impose sentences, and revoke probation (Overview, 2008). The corrections components are correctional officials and paroling authorities. Correction officials assign to type of correctional facility, award privileges, and punish for disciplinary infractions. The paroling authorities determine date and conditions of parole and revoke parole. Corrections are a primary function of the state and government (Overview, 2008). Throughout the United States the criminal justice system is in a state of crisis. The public is fearful and angry. Practitioners are weary and frustrated. Criminal justice policy is driven more by anecdote than systematic information. Costs of current policies are not sustainable over long periods. Victims are often re-victimized in the process.

George Braque essays

George Braque essays Although George Braque (May 13, 1882 - Aug. 31, 1963) was one of the most influential painters of the twentieth century his name is all but forgotten. He has received little credit for his efforts towards the creation of analytic cubism. Many art historians believe that his prestigious role as father of analytic cubism was cut short because of Picassos fame. Many arguments have arisen asking the question: Who is the father of cubism? There is no doubt that Picasso started the spark which ignited modern art movements with the creation of Les Demoiselles dAvignon.. But, soon after Picasso created this work Braque created Houses at LEstaque. This painting started the analytic phase of cubism. With this in mind, it can be stated that Picasso is the father of modern twentieth century art and Braque is the father of analytic cubism. George Braque is one of the most influential painters of the twentieth century. He co-worked with Picasso to create cubism and helped spark all the future art movements of the twentieth century. As well as this, he was the influence that made Picasso the fame that he was to become. Braque has never received the recognition he should have because of Picassos fame, but his personal position in the art community was high and his involvement with World War One was a major culprits that aided in his downfall in artistic popularity. Who the father of cubism?, has always been a question that has pondered the minds of art historians and scholars. It is clear though that both Braque and Picasso played their prominent role in the creation of cubism. Picasso provided, with his proto-Cubist Demoiselles, the initial liberating shock. But it was Braque, largely because of his admiration for Cezanne, who provided much of the early tendency toward geometrical forms. Braques early tendency towards geometric form and cubes was the spark which ignited the...

List of Shakespearean Sonnets

List of Shakespearean Sonnets Shakespeare left behind 154 of the most wonderfully written sonnets. This list of Shakespearean Sonnets indexes them all with links to study guides and original texts. The list is broken down into three sections: The Fair Youth Sonnets, Dark Lady Sonnets, and the so-called Greek Sonnets. Fair Youth Sonnets (Sonnets 1 – 126) The first segment of Shakespeare’s sonnets has become known as the fair youth sonnets. The poet dotes on an attractive young man and believes that his beauty can be preserved through poetry. When the fair youth ages and eventually dies, his beauty will still be captured in the words of the sonnets listed below. This deep, loving friendship sometimes verges on a sexual infatuation, and the nature of the doting is open to debate. Perhaps it is a female speaker, evidence of Shakespeare’s homosexuality, or simply a close friendship.   1: From Fairest Creatures We Desire Increase 2: When Forty Winters Shall Besiege Thy Brow 3: Look In Thy Glass, And Tell The Face Thou Viewest4:  Unthrifty Loveliness, Why Dost Thou Spend 5:  Those Hours, That With Gentle Work Did Frame6:  Then Let Not Winters Ragged Hand Deface7: Lo! In The Orient When The Gracious Light 8:  Music To Hear, Why Hearst Thou Music Sadly?9: Is It For Fear To Wet A Widows Eye10: For Shame Deny That Thou Bearst Love To Any11: As Fast As Thou Shalt Wane, So Fast Thou Grow 12:  When I Do Count The Clock That Tells Time13:  O! That You Were Your Self, Buy, Love, You Are14: Not From The Stars Do I My Judgement Pluck 15:  When I Consider Everything That Grows16:  But Wherefore Do Not You A Mightier Way17:  Who Will Believe In My Verse In Time To Come18: Shall I Compare Thee To A Summers Day? 19: Devouring Time, Blunt Thou The Lions Paw 20: A Womans Face With Natures Own Hand Painted21: So It Is Not With Me As With That Muse 22: My Glass Shall Not Persuade Me I Am Old 23:  As An Unperfect Actor On The Stage24: Mine Eye Hath Playd The Painter and Hath Steeld25:  Let Those Who Are In Favour With Their Stars26:  Lord Of My Love, To Whom In Vassalage27: Weary With Toil, I Haste To My Bed28: How Can I Then Return I Happy Plight29: When In Disgrace With Fortune and Mens Eyes30:  When To The Sessions Of Sweet Silent Thought31: Thy Bosom Is Endeared With All Hearts32: If Thou Survive My Well-Contented Day33:  Full Many A Glorious Morning I Have Seen34: Why Didst Thou Promise Such A Beauteous Day35:  No More Be Grieved At That Which Thou Hast Done36: Let Me Confess That We Two Must Be Twain37:  As A Decrepit Father Takes Delight38: How Can My Muse Want Subject To Invent39:  O! How Thy Worth With Manners May I Sing 40: Take All My Loves, My Love, Yea Take Them All41:  Those Pretty Wrongs That Liberty Commits42: That Thou Hast It Is Not All My Grief43: When Most I Wink, Then Do Mine Eyes Best See 44:  If The Dull Substance Of My Flesh Wer e Thought45:  That Thou Hast It Is Not All My Grief 46: Mine Eye And Heart Are At A Mortal War47: Betwixt Mine Eye And Heart A League Is Took48:  How Careful Was I When I Took My Way49: Against That Time, If Ever That Time Come50:  How Heavy Do I Journey On The Way51: Thus Can My Love Excuse The Slow Offence 52:  So Am I As The Rich, Whose Blessed Key53:  What Is Your Substance, Whereof Are You Made54:  O! How Much More Doth Beauty Beauteous Seem55:  O! Not Marble, Nor The Gilded Monuments56: Sweet Love, Renew Thy Force; Be It Not Said57: Being Your Slave What Should I Do But Tend58:  That God Forbid, That Made Me First Your Slave59:  If There Be Nothing New, But That Which Is60:  Like As The Waves Make Towards The Pebbled Shore61: Is It Thy Will, Thy Image Should Keep Open62:  Sin Of Self-love Possesseth All Mine Eye63:  Against My Love Shall Be As I Am Now64:  When I Have Seen By Times Fell Hand Defacd65:  Since Brass, Nor Stone, Nor Earth, Nor Boundless Sea66:  Tired For All These, For restful Death I Cr y67:  Ah! Wherefore With Infection Should He Live 68:  In Days Long Since, Before These Last So Bad69:  Those Parts Of Thee That The Worlds Eye Doth View 70: That Thou Art Blamed Shall Not Be Thy Defect 71:  No Longer Mourn For Me When I Am Dead72:  O! Lest The World Should Task You To Recite73:  That Time Of Year Thou Mayst In Me Behold74: But Be Contented When That Fell Arrest 75:  So Are You To My Thoughts As Food To Life76:  Why Is My Verse So Barren Of New Pride77: Thy Glass Will Show Thee How Thy Beauties Wear 78: So Oft Have I Invoked Thee For My Muse79: Whilst I Alone Did Call Upon Thy Aid 80: O! How I Faint When I Do Write Of You 81: Or I Shall Live Your Epitaph To Make 82: I Grant Thou Wert Not Married To My Muse 83: I Never Saw That You Did Painting Need 84: Who Is It That Says Most, Which Can Say More 85: My Tongue-Tied Muse In Manners Holds Her Still 86: Farewell! Thou Art Too Dear For My Possessing 87: Farewell! Thou Art Too Dear For My Possessing 88: When Thou Shalt Be Disposd To Set Me Light 89: Say Tha t Thou Didst Forsake Me For Some Fault 90: Then Hate Me When Thou Wilt; If Ever, Now 91: Some Glory In Their Birth, Some In Their Skill 92: But Do Thy Worst To Steal Thyself Away 93: So Shall I Live, Supposing Thou Art True 94: They That Have Power To Hurt, And Will Do None95: How Sweet And Lovely Dost Thou Make The Shame 96: Some Say Thy Fault Is Youth, Some Wantonness 97: How Like A Winter Hath My Absence Been 98: From You Have I Been Absent In The Spring 99: The Forward Violet Thus Did I Chide 100: Where Art Thou, Muse, That Thou Forgetst So Long 101: O Truant Muse, What Shall Be Thy Amends 102: My Love Is Strengthend, Though More Weak In Seeming 103: Alack, What Poverty My Muse Brings Forth 104: To Me, Fair Friend, You Never Can Be Old 105: Let Not My Love Be Called Idolatry 106: When In The Chronicle Of Wasted Time 107: Not Mine Own Fears, Nor The Prophetic Soul108: Whats In The Brain That Ink May Character 109: O! Never Say That I Was False Of Heart 110: Alas! Tis True, I Have Gone Here And There111: O For My Sake D o You With Fortune Chide 112: Your Love And Pity Doth Th Impression Fill 113: Since I Left You, Mine Eye Is In My Mind 114: Or Whether Doth My Mind, Being Crowned With You 115: Those Lines That I Before Have Writ Do Lie 116: Let Me Not To The Marriage Of True Minds 117: Accuse Me Thus: That I Have Scanted All 118: Like As To Make Our Appetites More Keen 119: What Potions Have I Drunk Of Siren Tears 120: That You Were Once Unkind Befriends Me Now 121: Tis Better To Be Vile Than Vile Esteemed 122: Thy Gift, Thy Tables, Are Within My Brain 123: Thy Pyramids Built Up With Newer Might 124: If My Dear Love Were But The Child Of State 125: Weret Ought To Me I Bore The Canopy 126: O Thou, My Lovely Boy, Who In Thy Powr Dark Lady Sonnets (Sonnets 127 – 152) The second segment of Shakespeare’s sonnets has become known as the Dark Lady Sonnets. A mysterious woman enters the narrative in Sonnet 127, and immediately attracts the poet’s attention.   Unlike the fair youth, this woman is not physically beautiful. Her eyes are â€Å"raven black† and she is â€Å"not born fair†. She is described as evil, a temptress and a bad angel. All good reasons to earn a reputation as the dark lady. She is perhaps having an illicit affair with the fair youth, perhaps explaining the poet’s jealousy. Sonnet 127: In The Old Age Black Was Not Counted Fair Sonnet 128: How Oft When Thou, My Music, Music PlaystSonnet 129: Th Expense Of Spirit In A Waste Of Shame Sonnet 130: My Mistress Eyes Are Nothing Like The Sun Sonnet 131: Thou Art As Tyrannous, So As Thou Art Sonnet 132: Thine Eyes I Love, And They, As Pitying Me Sonnet 133: Beshrew That Heart That Makes My Heart To Groan Sonnet 134: So Now I Have Confessed That He Is Thine Sonnet 135: Whoever Hath Her Wish, Thou Hast Thy Will Sonnet 136: If Thy Soul Check Thee That I Come So Near Sonnet 137: Thou Blind Fool, Love, What Dost Thou To Mine Eyes Sonnet 138: When My Love Swears That She Is Made Of Truth Sonnet 139: O! Call Not Me To Justify The Wrong Sonnet 140: Be Wise As Thou Art Cruel Sonnet 141: In Faith I Do Not Love You With Mine Eyes Sonnet 142: Love Is My Sin, And Thy Dear Virtue Hate Sonnet 143: Lo, As A Careful Housewife Runs To Catch Sonnet 144: Two Loves I Have Of Comfort And Despair Sonnet 145: Those Lips That Loves Own Hand Did Make Sonnet 146: Poor Soul, The Centre Of My Sinful Earth Sonnet 147: My Love Is As A Fever Longing Still Sonnet 148: O Me! What Eyes Hath Love Put In My Head Sonnet 149: Canst Thou, O Cruel! Say I Love Thee Not Sonnet 150: O! From What Power Hast Thou This Powerful Might Sonnet 151: Love Is Too Young To Know What Conscience Is Sonnet 152: In Loving Thee Thou Kowst I Am Forsworn The Greek Sonnets (Sonnets 153 and 154) The final two sonnets of the sequence are very different from the others. They move away from the narrative described above and instead draw upon ancient Greek myths. Sonnet 153: Cupid Laid by his Brand, and Fell AsleepSonnet 154: The Little Love-God Lying Once Asleep

Orchestral Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Orchestral Music - Essay Example Stylistically, the prelude is improvisatory in nature. The prelude can also refer to an overture, particularly to those seen in an opera or an oratorio. Prelude can be referring to as a preface. It can stand on its own or introduce another work. Overture in music is the instrumental introduction to a dramatic, choral (1911encyclopedia.org) or, occasionally, instrumental composition. It is used as an opening to a larger dramatic work such as an opera. Overture also referred to collections of movements, known as suites. (wikipedia.com). A sinfonie is a musical composition, the extended and used for orchestra. It does not imply a specific form. There are sinfonies that are tonal works in four movements with the first in sonata form, and it is often described by music theorists as the structure of a classical (reference.com) sinfonie. The very first preludes were lute compositions of the Renaissance era. They were free improvisations and served as brief introductions to larger pieces of music or particular larger and more complex movements; lutenists also used them to test the instrument or the acoustics of the room before performing. In the 17th century in France the keyboard preludes started. During this century the duration of each note is left to the performer. The first composer who embrace the genre is Louis Couperin, and harpsichord preludes were used until the first half of the 18th century by numerous composers including Jean-Henri d'Anglebert (1629-1691), lisabeth Jacquet de la Guerre (1665-1729), Franois Couperin (1668-1733) and Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683-1764), whose very first printed piece (1706) was in this form. The last unmeasured preludes for harpsichord date from the 1710s. Prelude in the 17th century in Germany led to a sectional form similar to keyboard toccatas Johann Jakob Froberger or Girol amo Frescobaldi. Outside Germany, Abraham van den Kerckhoven (c.1618-c.1701), one of the most important Dutch composers of the period, used this model for some of his preludes. Southern and central German composers did not follow the sectional model and their preludes remained improvisational in character with little or no strict counterpoint. In the second half of 17th century prelude are being paired with figures in the same key. Preludes were also used by some 20th century composers when writing Baroque-inspired "suites". Such works include Ravel's Le Tombeau de Couperin (1914/17) and Schoenberg's Suite for piano, Op. 25 (1921/23), both of which begin with an introductory prelude. Ludwig van Beethoven wrote two preludes, Op. 39; each one cycles through all of the major keys of the piano. Evolution of Overture Overture was formulated during the 17th century. As a musical form overture begins with the works of J-B Lully (1911encyclopedia.org). He devised the scheme that constitutes the typical French overture up to the time (1911encyclopedia.org) of Johann Sebastian Bach and George Friderich Handel. This French ouverture consists of a slow introduction in a marked "dotted rhythm" (1911encyclopedia.org), followed by a lively movement in fugato style. The slow introduction was always repeated, and sometimes the quick movement concluded by returning to the slow tempo, (1911encyclopedia.org) usually with new motivic material but occasionally recapitulating the opening, and this combined fast-slow material was sometimes also repeated. The operatic

Women in Islamic Communities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Women in Islamic Communities - Essay Example Reservations raised by Islamic countries are mainly on the grounds that some of the Articles in the CEDAW violates Muslim law - the Sharia't.. By claiming that the Sharia't is inviolate, Reservations by Islamic countries on the CEDAW serve to perpetuate gender discrimination and the continued subjugation of women. CEDAW provides a universally accepted platform to combat gender inequality by addressing the issue of discrimination in various fields. CEDAW defines discrimination as, "Any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field" (Wikipedia). In implementing the above, Reservations raised on the CEDAW can be broadly categorized as those arising out of incompatibility with existing domestic legislation, on practical grounds and those that are contrary to the Sharia't. Incompatibility with National Laws. ... Ireland, on the other hand has reserved its right to maintain its domestic provisions on social security as existing laws are more favourable to women. Problems with Implementation. Some of the Reservations are more practical in nature. India, for example, while fully supporting CEDAW and the principle of compulsory reporting of marriages, has expressed its inability to do so due to various reasons including inadequate administrative back-up, low levels of literacy and poverty. Similarly, countries having a federal form of governance, have sought more time to bring in suitable legislation that would make the provisions of the CEDAW applicable across the board. These reservations do not, therefore, reject the aims and objectives of the CEDAW but only highlight the efforts being made by such countries to do away with gender discrimination. Conflict with the Sharia't. Reservations that are incompatible with the provisions of the Sharia't are, however, the most common and mostly emanate from Islamic countries. For example, Bahrain has reserved its right to implement the CEDAW only within the bounds of the Sharia't. Bangladesh, another Islamic country, commits that it does not consider itself bound by the provisions of the CEDAW as they conflict with Sharia't law based on the holy Quran. By mixing religion and human rights, in particular those of women, the influence of religious institutions over interpretation and application of Muslim women's roles and rights are over emphasized. These contradictory policies towards gender equality have made the CEDAW irrelevant in Islamic countries. Reservations on certain articles of the CEDAW in no way dilute the importance of

How were the Germans (or at least the people described in the Essay

How were the Germans (or at least the people described in the book)seduced by the Nazis and how did they rationalize their suppo - Essay Example Instead, it became â€Å"ten Germans sufficiently different from one another†¦ and sufficiently link unto one another to have been Nazis† (Mayer). His account of the sociological influences and impacts of Nazism in pre-World War II Germany in They Thought They Were Free is divided into three parts: â€Å"Ten Men†, â€Å"The Germans†, and â€Å"Their Cause and Cure†. Although the author says numerous times that the issue is one of deep complexity, these three divisions seem to offer a way of understanding how to classify the disparate parts of the issue. Mayer’s work is largely focused on his â€Å"ten Nazi friends†, who give him a large set of insights into the rise and fall of the National Socialist party in Germany. In the first twelve chapters, Mayer offers a benevolent account of Nazism’s rise. After all, it examines the reasons why the ten Nazi Germans allowed Hitler’s influence to spread throughout their small town of Kronenberg. However, the â€Å"benevolent account† is superficial in that it does not apologize for the Nazi sympathizers, but rather provides an objective look into why they accepted the authority of a dictator, rather than living in the post-World War I Germany that previous generations had suffered through. Seeking out the benefits of centralized power, the ten lower class individuals showcased in Mayer’s narrative joined the Nazi Party in order to secure a higher self-esteem, mainly through easier access to jobs and a national pride that had long ago faded. For the most part, the individual citizens who took up the Nazi cause cared very little for the exact specifics of the program advocated by Hitler and others; however, it was the fringe benefits of the system that caught their attention. The anti-Semitic stance of the government was an acceptable compromise for many who had no personal or emotional connection to their Jewish neighbors, who were being run out of the country and financially ruined by governmental seizures. This anti-Semitic environment was something that had always dealt with, and they believed it was necessary for disposing of the parliamentary system that held back social progress. The Nazis that Mayer interviews were not hypnotized or irrationally appealed to in order to surrender their liberties to a totalitarian government. The Nazis appealed to the rational self-interests of the German citizens: making political promises to the country that addressed the kinds of deeply problematic social and economic problems that had afflicted the nation for decades. By contextualizing the rise of Nazism with the Great Depression, which afflicted Germany just as it afflicted the United States, one realizes the ease with which a party of promises could gain influence quickly among the working classes. Additionally, the popular perception of Hitler was that of a great enemy to communism: the same motivation that operated on many Ameri cans during the Cold War. By examining the rationalization for Nazi power in the years leading up to World War II, one begins to see the interest that Mayer has in social movements following inspirational leaders. By taking the Nazis, who were socialists, as the enemy of communism, the German people sought self-interest, not community. This is understandable that people would seek their self-interest in an economically downtrodden country; however, what Nazism became after it attained power went far beyond the economic